IMAGE...a study of the Greek and Hebrew words

Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness…”
 

image – Hebrew H6754 tselem (noun, masculine) from an unused root meaning to shade, a phantom (figuratively), an illusion, resemblance, a representative figure: especially an idol   

likeness – Hebrew H1823 demuth (from H1819) a resemblance, model, shape; from H1819 (verb) to be like, by implication to resemble, to liken, compare

You could use more words to more clearly express this as: 

Then God said, “Let us make man as our representative, an illusion or shadow picture of us, in our likeness and as a model of us, which compares to us…”
 

This understanding is emphasized further in the following words:
 

“…And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
 

In other words, man was made as a representative of God in the earth, to rule over the creatures and the earth they inhabit. It implies that man was to rule after God’s model, as if God was ruling the earth, according to His will. For the creatures of the earth and the earth itself, it would be AS IF God Himself was ruling.  

Yet man was not God, nor was he a part of God. God did not take of His essence and make man a mini-God, so to speak. Man, as a created being himself, carried the representation of God (and it appears it a physical representation as well) to the created earth. Man is NOT in any sense God. Yet it is AS IF he is God to the earth. A clear distinction must be maintained here.  

This Hebrew word, tselem, is used 15 times in the Tanakh. A few examples: Genesis 5:3 Adam begat a son in his own likeness (demuth), after his image (tselem). Numbers 33:52 Israel was to destroy the idols (tselem) of the inhabitants of the land they were to possess. 1 Samuel 6:5, 11 Philistines made images (tselem) of the hemorroids and mice that plagued them, as an offering. 2 Kings 11:18, 2 Chron 23:17 images (tselem) of Ba’al were destroyed. Psalm 39:6 Surely a man goes about as a shadow (tselem) Psalm 73:20 a dream is called a tselem. Ezekiel 23:14 images painted on a wall are called tselem. 
 
It is fairly clear from this broad selection of verses, that the word tselem means ONLY a representation, and does not in any sense convey that the image actually IS or is of the essence of the real. It is a copy and representation, not a clone.  

In the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, these Greek words are used: Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness…” image – Greek G1504 eikon (noun, feminine) an image, likeness, representation literally a statue, a bust.  

Several Christian theologians have interpreted this word to mean: properly, "mirror-like representation," referring to what is very close in resemblance (like a "high-definition" projection, as defined by the context). Image then exactly reflects its source (what it directly corresponds to). For example, Christ is the very image of the Godhead. But some go further than the actual meaning: Eikon (the Greek word translated 'image') assumes a prototype, of which it not merely resembles, but from which it is drawn" (R. Trench). Eikon then is more than a "shadow"; rather it is a replication (F. F. Bruce, Hebrews, 226; see also Lightfoot at Col 3:10 and 2:21).  

These theologians have interpreted this word quite differently than it is interpreted in Hebrew. In Hebrew it is most definitely NOT a ‘replication’ or something actually ‘drawn from’ the original.  

The only place this definition might possibly be understood this way is Genesis 5:3; that Seth was made in the image of Adam. However, even here we can’t really say Seth was a  duplicate or exact replication of Adam. Yes, Seth was drawn from Adam in the sense of being of Adam’s (and Eve's) substance. So were Cain and Abel. But the words go on to describe how Seth was born in the likeness of Adam, seeming to imply there was something about Seth that set him apart from Cain and Abel, who were not described this way. 

Verse 1 states that man was created in the image of God, and verse 3 states that Seth was in the image of Adam. There seems to be a comparison here between specifically Seth and Adam that followed the comparison between God and Adam. 

In most of the verses above, where the Hebrew word ‘tselem’ was used, the Greek word ‘eikon’ or a related word has been used in the Septuagint. 

In Numbers 33:52 Israel was to destroy the idols (Hebrew tselem, Greek eidolon, G1497) from the land.  Here idols is the word 'eidolon' (noun, neuter) meaning an image (for the purpose of worship) by implication a false god, an idol This is a comparable word to the Hebrew tselem, as in this case it is clearly referring to idols.  

1 Samuel 6: 5,11 Philistines made images (Hebrew tselem, Greek homoioma, G3667) of the hemorroids and mice. This is also a comparable word to the Hebrew tselem, in this case it is clearly referring to a copy or representation. representation – Greek G3667 (noun, neuter) a likeness, form, similitude a thing made like something else  

Conclusion: The Hebrew word tselem and the Greek word eikon define a likeness with a high degree of similarity, both in form and purpose. The copy does not carry the actual essence of the original. The copy is not made OF the original.  

The word eikon  in the New Testament writings has been used to create Christian doctrine that Christ, being the eikon/image of God, actually IS God, or contains actual essence of God.   This teaching is quite visibly absent from the Tanakh.  

The church doctrine claims that Christ is to be worshipped AS God. And many Christians have substituted worship of Christ FOR worship of God.  

Is this important? It is important to have a clear understanding of who Christ/Messiah is (and perhaps, isn’t) because IF he isn’t of the essence of God, and is being worshipped AS God, or even in addition to God, then the Christian is no different from most of the Israelites of the Old Testament, who worshipped God AS WELL as images (tselem/eikon) of God (s), or who worshipped the image (tselem/eikon) as if it were God, in place of God. The Golden Calf incident is a prime example. 

If Christ IS God, and I'm most definitely NOT advancing any agenda here other than to encourage each believer to study and gain understanding of this firsthand; then a careful and humble study of ALL the Tanakh should support this clearly.  

YHVH is a God of order and reason, not of disorder and confusion. He DOES NOT HIDE THE TRUTH from those who will apply their whole being to being willing to learn and live it. In the 'ten words' (Exodus 20) demonstrated in the rulings contained in Torah, He has told us ALL that we need to know to serve Him.  This is fully supported by the Hebrew writings and the Prophets of the Tanakh, which do not presume to add new teaching.

If we are reading the New Testament properly (and not reading into it what isn’t there, due to having our minds clouded with false doctrine) and if the New Testament writings are truth, then they will ALSO clearly support the Tanakh. For the record, I believe they do!  They will not bring in new doctrine that is unsupported by the words 'written by the finger of God' (the 'ten words').  

There is a lot at stake, and nothing to fear from careful examination of our understanding of truth. Though we have reason to fear God if we deliberately remain in rebellious error. Careful study of God’s Words (applied to our life) brings Him honour and brings us truth. Careful study done prayerfully and humbly will never lead us astray, though it certainly can and should shake the foundations of a false faith.

YOU HAVE HEARD IT SAID

There are far fewer of these passages, so let’s look at each one in a little more detail, and in their context.

"You have heard that it was said to those of old, 'You shall not murder; and whoever murders will be liable to judgment.' Matthew 5:21 

The context of this verse in Matthew 5 is the ‘Sermon on the Mount’. Immediately before this verse, Yeshua says, “I have not come to abolish the Law, but to fulfil it.”  

The word translated ‘fulfil’ means to ‘fill up’ as in fill up full of meaning, or, as the Rabbis of the day would have understood it (since they used the phrase themselves) to properly interpret it. To ‘fulfil Torah’ meant to interpret it correctly, full of its intended meaning. To ‘abolish Torah’ meant to disrespect it (to nullify it – Matthew 15:6 and Mark 7:13) and to obscure its intended meaning.

YHVH’s Law is pretty simple. But to live it out is harder, as no law can cover every situation. The Law was given to point out what sin is. It was not meant to provide its own righteousness (though the definition of righteous is one who obeys the Law, and we are called to be righteous) but to point toward the need for a Saviour. The judges were to help decide how to apply the Law…how to ‘fulfil’ it. The Rabbis took on that job. And they recorded all of their decisions (which were often contradictory) and added these laws to the Law, effectively making a burden that nobody could carry. Sound familiar? Look up Matthew 23:4, Luke 11:46, Acts 15:10 and 28, Galatians 5:1, and then Matthew 11:28 as comparison.

If you look up the source of Matthew 5:21 ‘You shall not murder’ you will find it pretty quickly in the 10 Commandments. But where is ‘whoever murders will be liable to judgment’? It is not there, it was added by the Rabbis. Now that doesn’t make it wrong, it makes sense. However, the point of this Law ‘do not murder’ was not to say, ‘if you murder you will be punished’. Yeshua gives the point in the next few verses:

“But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother will be liable to the council; and whoever says, 'You fool!' will be liable to the hell of fire.”

What the hands do (in this case, murder) isn’t sourced in the hands, it is sourced in the heart (mind). One who doesn’t murder with his hands can still have a heart that commits murder daily. He may not be liable to the judgment of man, but he sure will to the judgment of YHVH!

"You have heard that it was said, 'You shall not commit adultery.' Matthew 5:27 

This verse is ALSO what is written, isn’t it? There were many man-made rules on adultery. The rabbinical rulings modified this Law often in favour of the man and harsher to the woman. You can find evidence of this in the first verses of John 8. (This account seems to have been a later addition, it is not in earlier manuscripts and so may or may not be true…however, it clearly shows rabbinic ruling of the day in its conspicuous absence of the man involved in the incidence of adultery.) Again, Yeshua goes on to state the ‘full’ meaning of the commandment. Its not about not getting caught, it is about not even considering the thoughts in the first place, that might lead to the act in the second. 

"Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, 'You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform to the Lord what you have sworn.' Matthew 5:33

"You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' Matthew 5:38 

"You have heard that it was said, 'You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' Matthew 5:43 

There are more examples...but you should be getting the picture...'It is written' refers to direct quotes from the Torah. 'You have heard it said' refers to rabbinic rulings, usually ON a Torah law. These rabbinic rulings were the interpretations of Torah laws, which formed a set of law in themselves. 

These human laws became the standard for Judaism on how Torah was to be interpreted. And often they missed the point YHVH had for the law entirely. Yeshua interpreted these laws as they were meant to be understood. They were never meant to govern outward behaviour only, they were meant to point out the state of the heart, to clearly identify sin, and to point towards the coming Saviour.